在Centos7上安装apache并且建立虚拟主机

时间：2023-07-14 06:51:01 | 来源：网站运营

时间：2023-07-14 06:51:01 来源：网站运营

在Centos7上安装apache并且建立虚拟主机：照搬英文，有问题的地方会标注：

参考：https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-the-apache-web-server-on-centos-7

Introduction

The Apache HTTP server is the most widely-used web server in the world. It provides many powerful features including dynamically loadable modules, robust media support, and extensive integration with other popular software.

In this guide, you will install an Apache web server with virtual hosts on your CentOS 7 server.

Prerequisites

You will need the following to complete this guide:

• A non-root user with sudo privileges configured on your server, set up by following the initial server setup guide for CentOS 7.
• A basic firewall configured by following the Additional Recommended Steps for New CentOS 7 Servers guide.

Step 1 — Installing Apache

Apache is available within CentOS’s default software repositories, which means you can install it with the yum package manager.

As the non-root sudo user configured in the prerequisites, update the local Apache httpd package index to reflect the latest upstream changes:

sudo yum update httpdOnce the packages are updated, install the Apache package:

sudo yum install httpd After confirming the installation, yum will install Apache and all required dependencies.

Notice：下述关于防火墙端口的部分大部分云服务器可以在安全组进行设置，括号部分可略

（If you completed the Additional Recommended Steps for New CentOS 7 Servers guide mentioned in the prerequisites section, you will have installed firewalld on your server and you’ll need to open up port 80 to allow Apache to serve requests over HTTP. If you haven’t already done so, you can do this by enabling firewalld’s http service with the following command:

sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http If you plan to configure Apache to serve content over HTTPS, you will also want to open up port 443 by enabling the https service:

sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=httpsNext, reload the firewall to put these new rules into effect:

sudo firewall-cmd --reload After the firewall reloads, you are ready to start the service and check the web server.）

Step 2 — Checking your Web Server

Apache does not automatically start on CentOS once the installation completes. You will need to start the Apache process manually:

sudo systemctl start httpd Verify that the service is running with the following command:

sudo systemctl status httpd You will see an active status when the service is running:

OutputRedirecting to /bin/systemctl status httpd.service● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Wed 2019-02-20 01:29:08 UTC; 5s ago Docs: man:httpd(8) man:apachectl(8) Main PID: 1290 (httpd) Status: "Processing requests..." CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service ├─1290 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─1291 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─1292 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─1293 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─1294 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND └─1295 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND...As you can see from this output, the service appears to have started successfully. However, the best way to test this is to request a page from Apache.

You can access the default Apache landing page to confirm that the software is running properly through your IP address. If you do not know your server’s IP address, you can get it a few different ways from the command line.

Type this at your server’s command prompt:

hostname -I Notice：上述命令对于弹性公网IP只会返回内网IP

This command will display all of the host’s network addresses, so you will get back a few IP addresses separated by spaces. You can try each in your web browser to see if they work.

Alternatively, you can use curl to request your IP from icanhazip.com, which will give you your public IPv4 address as seen from another location on the internet:

curl -4 icanhazip.com When you have your server’s IP address, enter it into your browser’s address bar:

http://your_server_ipYou’ll see the default CentOS 7 Apache web page:







This page indicates that Apache is working correctly. It also includes some basic information about important Apache files and directory locations. Now that the service is installed and running, you can now use different systemctl commands to manage the service.

Step 3 — Managing the Apache Process

Now that you have your web server up and running, let’s go over some basic management commands.

To stop your web server, type:

sudo systemctl stop httpd To start the web server when it is stopped, type:

sudo systemctl start httpd To stop and then start the service again, type:

sudo systemctl restart httpd If you are simply making configuration changes, Apache can often reload without dropping connections. To do this, use this command:

sudo systemctl reload httpd By default, Apache is configured to start automatically when the server boots. If this is not what you want, disable this behavior by typing:

sudo systemctl disable httpd To re-enable the service to start up at boot, type:

sudo systemctl enable httpd Apache will now start automatically when the server boots again.

The default configuration for Apache will allow your server to host a single website. If you plan on hosting multiple domains on your server, you will need to configure virtual hosts on your Apache web server.

Step 4 — Setting Up Virtual Hosts (Recommended)

When using the Apache web server, you can use virtual hosts (similar to server blocks in Nginx) to encapsulate configuration details and host more than one domain from a single server. In this step, you will set up a domain called example.com, but you should replace this with your own domain name. To learn more about setting up a domain name with DigitalOcean, see our Introduction to DigitalOcean DNS.

Apache on CentOS 7 has one server block enabled by default that is configured to serve documents from the /var/www/html directory. While this works well for a single site, it can become unwieldy if you are hosting multiple sites. Instead of modifying /var/www/html, you will create a directory structure within /var/www for the example.com site, leaving /var/www/html in place as the default directory to be served if a client request doesn’t match any other sites.

Create the html directory for example.com as follows, using the -p flag to create any necessary parent directories:

sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/html Create an additional directory to store log files for the site:

sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/log Next, assign ownership of the html directory with the $USER environmental variable:

sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/example.com/html Make sure that your web root has the default permissions set:

sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www Next, create a sample index.html page using vi or your favorite editor:

sudo vi /var/www/example.com/html/index.html Press i to switch to INSERT mode and add the following sample HTML to the file:

插入：/var/www/example.com/html/index.html<html> <head> <title>Welcome to Example.com!</title> </head> <body> <h1>Success! The example.com virtual host is working!</h1> </body></html>Save and close the file by pressing ESC, typing :wq, and pressing ENTER.

With your site directory and sample index file in place, you are almost ready to create the virtual host files. Virtual host files specify the configuration of your separate sites and tell the Apache web server how to respond to various domain requests.

Before you create your virtual hosts, you will need to create a sites-available directory to store them in. You will also create the sites-enabled directory that tells Apache that a virtual host is ready to serve to visitors. The sites-enabled directory will hold symbolic links to virtual hosts that we want to publish. Create both directories with the following command:

sudo mkdir /etc/httpd/sites-available /etc/httpd/sites-enabled Next, you will tell Apache to look for virtual hosts in the sites-enabled directory. To accomplish this, edit Apache’s main configuration file and add a line declaring an optional directory for additional configuration files:

sudo vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf Add this line to the end of the file:

IncludeOptional sites-enabled/*.confSave and close the file when you are done adding that line. Now that you have your virtual host directories in place, you will create your virtual host file.

Start by creating a new file in the sites-available directory:

sudo vi /etc/httpd/sites-available/example.com.conf Add in the following configuration block, and change the example.com domain to your domain name:

文件/etc/httpd/sites-available/example.com.conf

<VirtualHost *:80> ServerName www.example.com ServerAlias example.com DocumentRoot /var/www/example.com/html ErrorLog /var/www/example.com/log/error.log CustomLog /var/www/example.com/log/requests.log combined</VirtualHost>This will tell Apache where to find the root directly that holds the publicly accessible web documents. It also tells Apache where to store error and request logs for this particular site.

Save and close the file when you are finished.

Now that you have created the virtual host files, you will enable them so that Apache knows to serve them to visitors. To do this, create a symbolic link for each virtual host in the sites-enabled directory:

sudo ln -s /etc/httpd/sites-available/example.com.conf /etc/httpd/sites-enabled/example.com.conf Your virtual host is now configured and ready to serve content. Before restarting the Apache service, let’s make sure that SELinux has the correct policies in place for your virtual hosts.

Step 5 — Adjusting SELinux Permissions for Virtual Hosts (Recommended)

SELinux is configured to work with the default Apache configuration. Since you set up a custom log directory in the virtual hosts configuration file, you will receive an error if you attempt to start the Apache service. To resolve this, you need to update the SELinux policies to allow Apache to write to the necessary files. SELinux brings heightened security to your CentOS 7 environment, therefore it is not recommended to completely disable the kernel module.

There are different ways to set policies based on your environment’s needs, as SELinux allows you to customize your security level. This step will cover two methods of adjusting Apache policies: universally and on a specific directory. Adjusting policies on directories is more secure, and is therefore the recommended approach.

Adjusting Apache Policies Universally

Setting the Apache policy universally will tell SELinux to treat all Apache processes identically by using the httpd_unified boolean. While this approach is more convenient, it will not give you the same level of control as an approach that focuses on a file or directory policy.

Run the following command to set a universal Apache policy:

sudo setsebool -P httpd_unified 1 Notice：上述命令可能会返回setsebool: SELinux is disabled的错误，这是因为在某些服务器的初始设定为disable，需要改变设置，具体看链接：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/161413585

The setsebool command changes SELinux boolean values. The -P flag will update the boot-time value, making this change persist across reboots. httpd_unified is the boolean that will tell SELinux to treat all Apache processes as the same type, so you enabled it with a value of 1.

Adjusting Apache Policies on a Directory

Individually setting SELinux permissions for the /var/www/example.com/log directory will give you more control over your Apache policies, but may also require more maintenance. Since this option is not universally setting policies, you will need to manually set the context type for any new log directories specified in your virtual host configurations.

First, check the context type that SELinux gave the /var/www/example.com/log directory:

sudo ls -dZ /var/www/example.com/log/


This command lists and prints the SELinux context of the directory. You will see output similar to the following:

Outputdrwxr-xr-x. root root unconfined_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 /var/www/example.com/log/The current context is httpd_sys_content_t, which tells SELinux that the Apache process can only read files created in this directory. In this tutorial, you will change the context type of the /var/www/example.com/log directory to httpd_log_t. This type will allow Apache to generate and append to web application log files:

sudo semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_log_t "/var/www/example.com/log(/.*)?" Notice：

上述命令可能会遇到：semanage command Not Found Error

解决方法：https://www.tecmint.com/fix-semanage-command-not-found-in-centos-rhel/

semanage is an SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux) management tool that is used to configure specific elements without making any adjustments to or reassembling from policy sources. Semanage consist of mapping from Linux username to SELinux user identities and it also includes mapping security context for numerous kind of objects like interface, network port, etc.
I was wondering how to fix this error and I am not able to find what package provides semanage command. After a bit of research, I came to know that you need to use yum provides the option to find out the package that provides the queried file called /usr/sbin/semanage.
In this short quick article, we will explain how to install necessary packages for getting semanage command using the yum command.

# yum provides /usr/sbin/semanage

From the above sample output, you can see that we need to installpolicycoreutils-python-utils-2.8-16.1.el8.noarchpackage to use the semanage command.

# yum install policycoreutils-python-utils

注意并不一定你缺少的就是policycoreutils-python-utils，要看第一张图缺少的是什么再安装，如下图

Next, use the restorecon command to apply these changes and have them persist across reboots:

sudo restorecon -R -v /var/www/example.com/log The -R flag runs this command recursively, meaning it will update any existing files to use the new context. The -v flag will print the context changes the command made. You will see the following output confirming the changes:

Outputrestorecon reset /var/www/example.com/log context unconfined_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0->unconfined_u:object_r:httpd_log_t:s0You can list the contexts once more to see the changes:

sudo ls -dZ /var/www/example.com/log/ The output reflects the updated context type:

Outputdrwxr-xr-x. root root unconfined_u:object_r:httpd_log_t:s0 /var/www/example.com/logNow that the /var/www/example.com/log directory is using the httpd_log_t type, you are ready to test your virtual host configuration.

Step 6 — Testing the Virtual Host (Recommended)

Once the SELinux context has been updated with either method, Apache will be able to write to the /var/www/example.com/log directory. You can now successfully restart the Apache service:

sudo systemctl restart httpd List the contents of the /var/www/example.com/log directory to see if Apache created the log files:

ls -lZ /var/www/example.com/log You’ll see that Apache was able to create the error.log and requests.log files specified in the virtual host configuration:

Output-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Feb 26 22:54 error.log-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Feb 26 22:54 requests.logNow that you have your virtual host set up and SELinux permissions updated, Apache will now serve your domain name. You can test this by navigating to http://example.com, where you should see something like this:

This confirms that your virtual host is successfully configured and serving content. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 to create new virtual hosts with SELinux permissions for additional domains.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, you installed and managed the Apache web server. Now that you have your web server installed, you have many options for the type of content you can serve and the technologies you can use to create a richer experience.

If you’d like to build out a more complete application stack, you can look at this article on how to configure a LAMP stack on CentOS 7.