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CFA2级考点R37:大宗商品衍生品

时间:2023-03-12 11:22:01 | 来源:电子商务

时间:2023-03-12 11:22:01 来源:电子商务

复习提示

本章重点考察大宗的基本概念和经典理论,涉及一些简单计算。

考试大纲

考试大纲 R37 大宗商品衍生品
a. 比较:大宗商品行业的特点
b. 比较:大宗商品部门从生产到交易或消费的生命周期
c. 对比:大宗商品的估值与股票和债券的估值
d. 描述:大宗商品期货市场的参与者类型
e. 分析:期货溢价市场和现货溢价市场的现货价格和期货价格之间的关系
f. 比较:大宗商品期货收益理论
g. 描述、计算和解释:完全抵押的商品期货合约的总收益的组成部分
h. 对比:期货溢价市场和现货溢价市场的滚动回报率(roll return)
i. 描述:如何使用大宗商品互换来获取或调整商品风险敞口
j. 描述:大宗商品指数的构造如何影响指数回报

要点速览

1. 大宗生命周期

Q37-1 Falk tells the following:

Which of Falk’s statements regarding the characteristics of the grains and livestock markets is correct?

解析:选C。牲畜的生命周期因产品而异。谷物具有特定于地理区域的统一、明确的季节和生长周期。因此,两种说法都是正确的。

2. 存储理论

Q37-2-1 Ya presents his research related to the energy sector, which has the following conclusions:

Spot PriceNear-Term Futures PriceLonger-Term Futures Price
77.5673.6473.59
Based on the Exhibit and Ya’s research on the energy sector, the shape of the futures price curve for Brent crude oil is most consistent with the:

解析:选B。关键在于第二条笔记强调了存储。该市场处于现货溢价状态。大宗商品是实物资产,而不是股票和债券等虚拟资产。有形资产需要储存,而储存会产生成本。根据存储理论,在价值链上消费的商品允许及时交货和使用,可以避免这些成本。Ya的研究得出的结论是,能源是实时消耗的,需要最小的存储空间。在这种情况下,需求主导供应,当前价格高于期货价格,现货溢价。

Q37-2-2 [Attention] Menlo Bank recently released a report on the coffee market. Brown shares the key conclusion from the report with Musicale: “The coffee market had a global harvest that was greater than expected. Despite the large harvest, coffee futures trading activity is balanced between producers and consumers. This balanced condition is not expected to change over the next year.”

MonthCoffee Price
July0.96
September0.9795
December1.0055
Based on the key conclusion from the Menlo Bank coffee market report, the shape of the coffee futures curve in Exhibit is most consistent with the:

解析:选B。易错。存储理论关注的是商品的库存水平和供求状况。定期储存的商品在未来应该有更高的价格,期货溢价,以反映这些储存成本。因为咖啡是一种需要储存的商品,它未来较高的价格与储存理论是一致的。

3. 总回报

Q37-3-1 [Attention] Three months ago, she entered into a long position in natural gas futures at a futures price of $2.93 per million. The current price of the same contract is $2.99. The Exhibit presents additional data about the three-month futures position.

Near-Term Futures (Current Price)Farther-Term Futures
2.993.03
The futures position is fully collateralized earning a 3% rate. She decides to roll forward her current exposure in the natural gas position. The total return from the long position in natural gas futures is closest to:

解析:选A。价格回报 = (当前价格 − 上期价格)/上期价格 = (2.99 − 2.93)/2.93 = 2.05%,滚动回报 = [(近 − 远)/近] × 期货合约中仓位被滚动的百分比 = [(2.99 − 3.03)/2.99] × 100% = −1.34%,抵押回报 = 年利率×期限长度作为一年的一部分 = 3% × 0.25 = 0.75%。因此总回报 = 2.05% − 1.34% + 0.75% = 1.46%。

公式易错点已经标粗:

Q37-3-2 Price movement is not the only source of returns. Participants in commodity futures markets are also able to account for an additional roll return in their investment activities, which vary depending on their natural positioning in the market. For example, our long-only QA Energy Commodities Fund, an airline hedging fuel costs and a crude oil producer would all use the same crude oil futures, but this would not necessarily result in the same roll return.

Crude OilHeating OilLumber
Spot40.671.16552.1
January future39.931.159573.3
March future39.931.156601.3
Who would most likely account for the lowest roll return until March?

解析:选C。原油生产商会做空期货,以对冲未来价格下跌的风险。例如,价格下降会减少未来的销售和收入。原油期货存在现货溢价,导致连续期货合约以较低价格卖出,导致滚动收益率为负。A项,该航空公司将做多原油期货,以对冲可能上涨的燃料成本。现货溢价的期货曲线将使其能够以更低的价格购买连续的期货合约,从而提高展期收益率。B项,能源商品基金将做多原油期货。现货溢价的期货曲线将使其能够以更低的价格购买连续的期货合约,从而提高滚动收益率。

4. 大宗商品指数

Q37-4 [Attention] Index A includes contracts of commodities typically in contango, whereas Index B includes contracts of commodities typically in backwardation. Nabli asks how the two indexes perform relative to each other in a market that is trending upward.

The best response to Nabli’s question about the relative performance of the two indexes is that Index B is most likely to exhibit returns that are:

解析:选C。在一个呈上升趋势的市场中,B指数可能比A指数有更高的表现。指数包含通常以现货溢价交易的合约,可能会改善前瞻性表现,因为这会产生正滚动回报。类似地,那些包含期货溢价交易的合约的指数也可能因为同样的原因(即负滚动回报)而损害业绩。

5. 大宗商品互换

Q37-5-1 [Attention] ... analyze the performance of a long position in an S&P GSCI total return swap having monthly resets and a notional amount of $25 million. On the June settlement date, the party that is long the S&P GSCI total return swap will

DateIndex
April2,542.35
May2,582.23
June2,525.21
解析:选A。(2,525.21 - 2,582.23) / 2,582.23 * 25 million = -0.55204222 million。即对于互换的多头,支付额为(本期指数 - 上期指数)/ 上期指数 × 本金,符号为正则为收到支付,符号为负则为付出支付。

Q37-5-2 [Attention] Because of a substantial decline in drilling activity in the North Sea, Nabli believes the price of Brent crude oil will increase more than that of heavy crude oil. The actual price volatility of Brent crude oil has been lower than its expected volatility, and Nabli expects this trend to continue. Nabli also expects the level of the ICE Brent Index to increase from its current level. Nabli and Yamata discuss how to use swaps to take advantage of Nabli’s expectations. The possible positions are (1) a basis swap long on Brent crude oil and short on heavy crude oil, (2) a long volatility swap on Brent crude oil, and (3) a short position in an excess return swap that is based on a fixed level (i.e., the current level) of the ICE Brent Index.

Given Nabli’s expectations for crude oil, the most appropriate swap position is the:

解析:选A。Nabli预计,布伦特原油的价格涨幅将超过重质原油,Nabli可以利用这一预测,进行基差互换,即做多布伦特原油和做空重质原油。Nabli认为布伦特原油的价格波动率将低于预期波动率,他应该在波动率互换中做空(而不是做多)头寸。Nabli应该在超额回报掉期中持有多仓(而不是空头),以利用他对ICE布伦特指数上涨速度快于主要石油基准的预期。注意本题给出三个头寸一一对应前面的叙述,然后只有基差互换是可以赚钱的。

6. 溢价与日历价差

Q37-6 [Attention] They review Brent crude oil futures data:

Yamata should conclude that the:

解析:选B。A项,日历价差 = 近 - 远 = 73.64 - 73.59 = 0.05。B项,溢价看现货价格和近期期货价格的比较。现货价格 > 近期期货价格,因此属于现货溢价。C项,基差 = 现货价格 - 近期期货价格 = 77.56 - 73.64 = 3.92。(已更正)

※ 课后题分析

我的答题卡:

* R37* 12345 67890 12345* 01-08: CCACC CBA [3C 5B 7A]* 09-15: BB BCCCA [√]* 16-22: BCCBB BC [20C 21A]

材料37-1

材料37-1,考察基础概念。

现货溢价期货溢价
谁更大现货价格期货价格
期限结构斜率为负斜率为正
日历价差
滚动收益

材料37-2

材料37-2,考察基础概念。

材料37-3

材料37-3,考察基础概念。

(完)


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关键词:商品,大宗

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